In the week from February 12th to February 16th 2024, zkSecurity performed a security audit of Darkfi's built-in contracts and circuits. The audit was performed on the public darkfi repository.
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Variants of KZG: Part V, Multilinear Commitments with Mercury
In this final post of the series, we extend univariate KZG commitments to multilinear polynomials through Mercury. Building on Gemini, we fold half of the variables at once, use polynomial division to bind this large fold to the original commitment and reduce the remaining multilinear evaluations to a batched inner product check. We then walk through the end-to-end opening protocol. We conclude by examining its proof size, prover cost and verifier cost.
Variants of KZG: Part IV, Multilinear Commitments with Gemini
In this blog post, we extend univariate KZG commitments to multilinear polynomials through Gemini. We introduce recursive partial evaluations, derive the split-and-fold identity and express each fold as a univariate identity that can be checked using KZG openings. We then walk through the end-to-end opening protocol. We conclude by examining its proof size, prover cost, and verifier cost.
Optimizing Cryptography with AI
Many of us are using AI to generate code. Vibe coding cryptography is especially sensitive - you have to uphold strict mathematical correctness. This can lead to wrong security guarantees and soundness bugs. We will discuss what are some patterns to do it well.
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Archetype x zkSecurity - Proof is in the Pudding: Privacy in Payment Networks
In Session 08 of "Proof is in the Pudding," we explore how different networks have approached privacy over the years. From E-Cash and Monero to MobileCoin and Zether, we break down blind signatures, Pedersen commitments, stealth addresses, ring signatures, and more. This session provides a comprehensive tour of the techniques used to break linkability, hide addresses, and obscure transaction data in the name of privacy and safety.
FRIDA: Data-Availability Sampling from FRI
We've just dropped a blog post exploring the cool world of Ethereum's latest EIP-4844 upgrade and how it tackles the data-availability conundrum with Proto-Danksharding. Get ready to dive into the intricacies of making data more accessible (and less pricey) by using nifty concepts like blobs and polynomial evaluations. Plus, we dish on the role of FRI in data-availability sampling and how it can streamline things even more. Curious? Check out the details and see how this all shapes Ethereum's future!
Become a Halo2 Hero: Master Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Our New Course
We're teaming up with the Zircuit team to bring you a new course on Halo2 development that's perfect for Rust developers eager to dive into creating Halo2 circuits from scratch. No need to be a cryptographer or have prior knowledge of Halo2, PlonK, or zkSNARKs. Our course starts with the basics and guides you through building increasingly complex circuits. By the end, you'll be a Halo Hero! Plus, you'll have access to complete, runnable code examples on GitHub. Ready to start your Halo2 journey? Check it out!
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Introducing bugs.zksecurity.xyz a knowledge base for ZK bugs
We're thrilled to introduce our new site, [bugs.zksecurity.xyz](https://bugs.zksecurity.xyz/), a hub for exploring past vulnerabilities in ZK circuits. Dive into our growing catalog of documented bugs and learn how we've reproduced some with comprehensive scripts. Discover evaluations of prominent security tools like Circomspect and Picus, and see where they shine or stumble. We're calling on the community to join us in expanding this invaluable resource, whether by adding bugs, reproducing them, or improving our platform. Let's collaborate to elevate ZK security together!
Comparison of formal verification frameworks for arithmetic circuits
A hands-on comparison of formal verification frameworks for arithmetic circuits, evaluating those in the ACL2 Book (r1cs, PFCS), acl2-jolt, Garden (Rocq), zk-lean, sp1-lean, and Clean. Each framework is tested on reproducibility, available examples (from basic field elements to RISC-V VM instructions), and practical verification tasks including the IsZero and weighted-sum circuits. The evaluation includes both human and Claude Code's ability to work with each framework, revealing insights about installation difficulty, proof automation capabilities, and the maturity of publicly available examples. This post maps the current landscape of formally verified ZK circuits and discusses what's coming next in this rapidly evolving field.
New on mpcsec.org: An MPC Bug Tracker, Templates, and a Cleaner UI
A month after launching mpcsec.org, we added a searchable tracker of real-world MPC bugs, expanded the pitfall taxonomy, published contribution templates and refreshed the site UI.